At 7.3 meters (24 feet) long and weighing about 2.5 tons, the 80-million-year-old Lythronax was smaller than a T. rex, says the University of Utah’s Mark Loewen, who headed the team reporting the dinosaur’s discovery in PLOS One. T. rex was about 12 meters (40 feet) long and about 4.6 to 6 meters  (15 to 20 feet) tall.

“Obviously we wanted to get ‘king’ in the name,” Loewen says. “Lythronax wasn’t a direct ancestor of T. rex, but they clearly shared a common ancestor, [one] who lived even longer ago.”

That means that western North America, then a separate continent called Laramidia that stretched from Alaska to Mexico, was an original home of the tyrannosaurs.

“Until recently, it looked as if the truly giant, thick-toothed, rounded-snout tyrant dinosaurs appeared really late in dinosaur history,” says dinosaur expertThomas Holtz, Jr., of the University of Maryland in College Park, who was not involved in the study. “The discovery of Lythronax pushes this body form back,” he says.

Loewen also points to the way that evolution isolates some species on separate continents. That allows them to develop advantageous features, such as the powerful jaws of tyrannosaurs. Giants such as T. rex and Tarbosaurus spread across Asia and all of North America during epochs of continental connections, such as the end of the Age of Dinosaurs, which climaxed around 66 million years ago.

A similar pattern seems to have followed for the plant-eating, horned “ceratops” dinosaurs, such as the 80-million year-old Diabloceratops, which are thought to have been prey for tyrannosaurs, say the paleontologists.

“So the style of predation and combat famous in Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops was played out 14 million years earlier in the form of Lythronax and Diabloceratops,” Holtz says.

The Lythronax skull and related fossils reported in the study were first spotted by U.S. Bureau of Land Management officials at the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in Kanab, Utah. It required a year of careful excavation in 2010, Loewen says.

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Via: NatGeo

The species — Sauroniops pachytholus, or “eye of Sauron”  was identified from a single fossil which included only part the upper skull — with the eye socket, unearthed in southeastern Morocco in 2007. Comparisons of the skull with those of related species fossils suggest the creature measured up to 12 meters in length (40 feet). As a carcharodontosaur—a type of huge theropod, or two-legged meat-eater—Sauron likely had “a long and deep skull bearing dozens of bladelike teeth”. The fossil also revealed that the dinosaur had a distinctive bump on its forehead, which may have been used for head-butting clashes during male mating displays, the team speculates.

“The idea of a predator that is physically known only as its fierce eye reminded me of Sauron, in particular as depicted in Peter Jackson’s movies,” said Andrea Cau, of the Museo Geologico Giovanni Capellini in Bologna, Italy.  ”The skull bone of Sauroniops is very broad and particularly thick: This suggests an animal as big as Tyrannosaurus [rex],” Cau said. But without more fossils, “a more precise estimation of its size is currently impossible,” the paleontologist added. “Sauroniops lived along the banks of a large delta, under a hot and warm climate, very rich of fishes and crocodiles,” he added. “The abundance of food may explain the abundance of predatory dinosaurs.”

Illustration courtesy Emiliano Troco

A match for the King, T-Rex after Mapusaurus roseae?

I say nothing can match the Boss.

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Via: Natgeo